<p>The Enterprise Grange, No. 173 is a historic Grange hall at 446 Dow Road in Orrington, Maine. Built in 1884 and enlarged in the early 20th century, this modest Italianate building has been a significant social and civic center in the rural community since its construction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Enterprise Grange hall is located near the geographic center of the rural community of Orrington, on a wedge-shaped parcel at the southeast corner of Dow Road and Center Drive. It is a tall single-story structure, three bays wide, with front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation of concrete piers. A lower single-story dining room wing extends to the rear, with the kitchen in an ell extending to the south. The main facade faces west, and is symmetrically composed, with a center entrance sheltered by a hood with ornate Italianate brackets. Sash windows flank the entrance in the side bays, and in the gable able, with bracketed cornices above them. The side walls of the main block have similarly-styled windows.</p><br>
<p>The Enterprise Grange (Patrons of Husbandry) was organized in Orrington, a community then dominated by agriculture, in 1875, and purchased land for a building two years later, and the main hall was built in 1884 by the Grange membership with locally milled lumber. The group struggled financially in its early years, but had by the early 20th century reached a better financial footing, at which time the dining room and kitchen were added. The building was electrified in 1934, a heating system add in 1951, and its kitchen updated in 1961. The buildings auditorium and stage have served not just as a meeting point for the Granges activities, but have also served since construction as a major social venue for the town, hosting weddings, suppers, church services, and other social events. In the 1920s its stage was relocated to better accommodate theatrical performances.</p><br>
<p>The Cornelius Van Wyck House is an 18th-century Dutch Colonial home located on the shore of Little Neck Bay in the Douglaston section of Queens in New York City. This house overlooks Little Neck Bay and is well known for both its age and architecture, and especially for its original owners. It was designated as a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Cornelius Van Wyck House is considered to be the "most impressive architectural remnant of the early Dutch Culture" in New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Cornelius Van Wyck estate predates the construction of the Van Wyck house. Cornelius Van Wyck&#39;s father, Johannes Van Wyck, purchased 125 acres of land from Richard and Sarah Cornell. This property was inherited by Cornelius when his father died in 1734.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally constructed in 1735 by Cornelius Van Wyck, a third-generation American. Cornelius and his wife Mary Hicks added to their original farm and lived in the house until his death. Upon his death, the house passed to his son Stephen Van Wyck, who built additions to the house. However, Stephen, the eldest of Cornelius&#39; 3 sons, showed no interest in farming; therefore, he sold his share of the inheritance to his cousin Cornelius, who was the last Van Wyck to live in the home.</p><br>
<p>In 1819, possession of the home left the Van Wyck family when it was sold to Winant Van Zandt. Van Zandt, who was wealthy, had purchased 120 acres of adjoining land to the north (referred to as the "Point" area of Douglas Manor). In 1819, Van Zandt constructed a large mansion on the Point. Upon George Van Zandt&#39;s death, his son William inherited the property. During the tenure years in which the Douglas family owned the Cornelius Van Wyck House, the estate was used as a guest house and was sometimes rented to friends.</p><br>
<p>The original Cornelius Van Wyck House, according to a news article, became a "gate house" and led to the larger mansion, which later became The Douglaston Club. William Douglas sold the entire tract in 1906 to the Douglaston Club. The smaller house was purchased by Edward Wicht in 1915; Wicht restored the structure to its original condition and furnished it in keeping with the design and architecture of the previous structure. When Wicht died in 1936, Mr. and Mrs. Larsen purchased the house. Mrs. Larsen showed interest in the history of the homestead. This family also worked to maintain the house and furnish it as it was originally designed and built.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>According to the Landmarks Preservation Commission the Cornelius Van Wyck House was described as a "picturesque Eighteenth Century Dutch colonial house," which included hand-hewn shingles and a salt-box type roof. The landscape in which the house is situated leads down through a garden to a sandy beach. The dining room, master bedroom, and living hall contain superb oak beams. The present living room and the downstairs bedroom each contain handsome Georgian mantle-pieces.</p><br>
<p>The Van Wyck House, according to the article "History of Van Wyck House Outlined for Museum Group," is described very uniquely. Mrs. C. Turner Richardson described the history and significance of this house to 60 members of the Museums Group of the Women&#39;s Club of Douglaston during a meeting in the same house in 1950. By 1770, the house had expanded to add more rooms, and in 1930 the house expanded again to include room for a new kitchen. The House is a 2-story structure with five bedrooms and a bath on the first-floor, and three bedrooms and two baths on the second-floor. The notable architectural features of the house include its salt-box roof, oak beams, and wooden shingles. It is one of the last remaining Dutch Colonial houses in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant River Grange No. 492 is a historic Grange hall on Round the Island Road in Vinalhaven, Maine. Built as worker housing for a granite quarry, it was moved in 1909 to its present local for use by the local Grange chapter. It continues to be used by that organization as a community resource. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pleasant River Grange is located in a rural area near the center of Vinalhaven island. The island is nearly divided by the Pleasant River, a north-flowing stream the exits into Vinal Cove; the grange hall is located on the east side of the river near its mouth, on the north side of Round the Island Road, east of its junction with North Haven Road. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The facade facing southeast toward the road is symmetrical, with two sash windows on each floor, and one in the gable. The main entrance is on the longer southwest facade, near the southern corner and under a shed-roof porch. The interior has a hallway extending across the front, with a dining room and kitchen in the rear of the first floor, and open auditorium on the second floor. The walls and ceilings are finished in tongue-and-groove maple.</p><br>
<p>The grange hall was originally a workers boarding house built by A.M. Webster for workers at his nearby granite quarry, and was located on the west side of the Pleasant River. The local Grange chapter was organized in 1908, and Webster (who had recently closed the quarry) donated the building to the new organization. During the winter of 1908–09, it was hauled across the frozen Pleasant River to its present location. Alterations to the interior for its new function lasted another three years, with the hall periodically used for dances and other fundraising activities. The Grange continues to be a significant community organization on the island.</p><br>
<p>Wheelock Church  is a historic church building in Millerton, McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Built in 1845-6, the existing stone structure is the oldest surviving church building in the state of Oklahoma and the oldest church congregation in the Choctaw Nation. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1832, and the current stone church building was constructed in 1845–1846 with a cemetery established across the road. Buried in the cemetery is Alfred Wright, a physician and missionary to the Choctaw Native Americans. Wright translated many books into the Choctaw language, including the New Testament.</p><br>
<p>Until the church building was completed, the services were held outdoors under a large oak tree. The congregation sat on logs placed in rows under the tree. Rev. Wright used an overturned 100-gallon barrel as his pulpit. He preached his first sermon there on December 9, 1832.</p><br>
<p>In 1832 Wright also built a small log cabin church and a larger log house to accommodate the family. He added a large room to the latter, where his wife, Harriet Bunce Wright, and teacher Anna Burnham could teach local Choctaw children, using a day school format. This would continue until 1839, and would become the nearby Wheelock Academy, a boarding school, which the Choctaw Council sanctioned as a girls&#39; seminary in 1842.</p><br>
<h3>The stone church</h3><br>
<p>The new building, soon called the "Stone Church," was begun in 1845 and completed in 1846. Financed by donations and constructed by volunteer laborers (mostly Choctaw), it has 20 in-thick stone walls and a vaulted ceiling over the main floor and balcony. It is about 40x50 ft in plan and its steeple rises to 35 ft in height. A slogan favored by Rev. Wright, “Jehovah Jireh” (“the Lord will provide”) was carved into the gable and is said to be still legible. In 1866 the church was damaged by a fire that destroyed the mission to the east, and the church&#39;s roof was not restored until 1884.</p><br>
<h3>The Wrights&#39; deaths</h3><br>
<p>Wright was often absent from the pulpit because, as the only person in the area trained in medicine, he would ride out to the home of any one who he heard was ill. However, this practice aggravated his own frail health. He suffered from bursitis, intermittent fevers and an undefined heart problem. He suffered his last attack and died on March 31, 1853. As he had requested earlier, his body was buried in the Wheelock cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Harriet struggled to keep the mission and school operating, but her own health began failing about a year after Alfred&#39;s death. She had to leave Indian Territory and go back east to live with relatives. She died in Madison, Florida on Oct. 3, 1863, and was buried there.</p><br>
<h3>Rev. John Edwards</h3><br>
<p>The American Board of Missionaries sent Rev. John Edwards to replace Rev. Wright as Wheelocks superintendent, and John Libby as Edwards assistant. In 1861, after the Choctaw Nation formally allied itself with the Confederate States of America, becoming a belligerent state in the American Civil War, the ABM ordered Edwards to leave Indian Territory and return to the North.</p><br>
<p>Edwards traveled to San Francisco, California in 1861, where he taught for two years. He then moved to Oakland, California and served as supply minister for several churches for the next 20 years. In 1882, he returned to work among the Choctaws, first at Atoka, then at Wheelock, where he reopened the academy in 1884. He served as academy superintendent until 1895, when the Choctaw Nation took it over. In 1896, he returned to San Jose, California, where he remained until his death December 18, 1903.</p><br>
<h2>Final year</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Evan B. Evans came to Wheelock as the supply minister for one year in 1897. By that time, there were only 60 members, principally students at the school who lived some distance from Wheelock. The students were absent from church for much of the year, so services were discontinued at Wheelock at the end of the year.</p><br>
<p>First United Methodist Church  is a historic Methodist church building at the northeast corner of 18th Street and Central Avenue in Cheyenne, Wyoming, United States.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1867. The church building at 18th and Central was constructed in 1890 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Reverend W. W. Baldwin, a circuit rider from Colorado, led the first Methodist church services in Cheyenne on September 29, 1867 in City Hall. Three months later the Union Pacific railroad tracks reached the new town. The Methodist Society was soon formed with nine members and a local physician, Dr. D. W. Scott, acted as the first minister. The Reverend A. Gather arrived in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Two years later the Society bought two lots at 18th and Central Avenues from the Union Pacific for $1.00 and lumber for a white frame church was ordered from Chicago. The church was dedicated by Bishop Ames on September 23, 1871. In 1874 Black members withdrew from the congregation and built an African Methodist Episcopal Church four blocks west.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the current church, made out of red sandstone, began in 1890 and the church was dedicated on Easter Sunday, 1894. It had 55 members at the time.</p><br>
<p>While the new church was being built on the original lots, the old frame church was moved into the middle of Central Avenue with services being held in the building for the next two-and-one-half years.</p><br>
<p>On March 5, 1876, the Methodist minister Reverend Warren married Wild Bill Hickok and Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor at a nearby residence. Five months later Wild Bill was shot dead in Deadwood, South Dakota.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect J. P. Julien designed the new church which was built by Moses Patrick Keefe for $25,000. Furnishings cost an additional $5,000. The two-story semi-Gothic church is constructed of Wyoming red sandstone with a steeply-pitched roof and a three-story tower with a pyramidal roof and four small turrets.</p><br>
<p>As originally built the church measured approximately 91 feet in length by 55 feet and held 750 worshipers. In 1928, an addition to the rear extended the length to 126 feet. The width was extended to the east in 1950 to a total width of 60.4 feet. Twenty-seven stained glass windows were added around 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Richards Hotel, also known as the American Hotel, is located at 106 East Main Street in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States. The sandstone building was built in 1837 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 31, 1979, for its significance in architecture, commerce, community planning, law, politics, and social history. The hotel was added as a contributing property to the Mays Landing Historic District in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The three and one-half story hotel was built in 1837 by Samuel Richards, formerly from Philadelphia, a prominent Mays Landing property owner and businessman in the iron industry. It was used by the ship-building community. A later owner was John E. Champion, a former Atlantic City councilman. Another owner was William Veal, who also started an opera house in Mays Landing. The county bought the property in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Ora Pelton House, or the Izzo-Pelton House, is a historic residence in Elgin, Illinois. The Stick-Eastlake residence is the only Victorian house remaining on South State Street, formerly a wealthy area. It was built for Ora Pelton, a physician and surgeon, by local architect Gilbert M. Turnbull. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Ora A. Pelton, Sr. was a physician who practiced in Elgin, Illinois. He also worked as a surgeon and was known for his long career. In 1889, he commissioned architect Gilbert M. Turnbull to design his house on South State Street. At the time, this an area of wealthy residents along the Fox River. The house was designed with Stick-Eastlake architectural elements. The house has remained in the hands of only two families since its construction: the Pelton family to 1955, and the Izzo family since. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular, three-story house is laid on a stone foundation. It features many aspects typical of the Queen Anne Style, but its comparative austerity is typical of Stick-Eastlake designs. Porch columns and the second floor balcony are particularly representative of the Eastlake Movement. The only significant change to the exterior is a 1920s one-story addition on the southwest corner of the house. A carriage house, built in 1890, still stands in the backyard.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the oak staircase in the foyer was laid against a wall with glass windows to the exterior. A Czech chandelier hangs over the staircase. The parlor has an interlocking parquet hardwood floor. Fireplaces are present in the parlor and two second-floor bedrooms. Each room in the house is floored with a different kind of wood: oak in the main hall and stairway, birch in the parlors, sycamore in the dining room, bird&#39;s-eye maple in the office, yellow leaf pine in the kitchen, and gum wood in the bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Rackett Grange Hall No. 318, also known as Rackett Community Hall and denoted NeHBS No. GD04-002, is a building in rural Garden County, Nebraska, United States, that was built in 1926. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>It was located in the town of Rackett, which no longer exists; it is now located in a remote area within what is now Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>It is a false-front commercial building; other historic resources of the property are a shed, an outhouse, and a well with a hand pump. The property is significant for its association with the Grange, the Patrons of Husbandry movement. The building also is significant as a now-rare example of the once-common style of false-front architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Blow-Me-Down Grange is a historic Grange hall at 1071 New Hampshire Route 12A in Plainfield, New Hampshire, United States. It is home to the Patrons of Husbandry Chapter 234. Built in 1839 as a church, it is architecturally significant for its Greek Revival features, and socially significant for the ongoing role of the Grange chapter in the local community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Blow-Me-Down Grange is located in the village center of Plainfield, on the east side of New Hampshire Route 12A south of its junction with Paterson Road. It is a -story brick building with a gabled roof, and a two-stage tower which rises from the peak of the roof at its front (west side). The main facade is symmetrical, with a pair of entrances flanked by large sash windows and topped by smaller ones. The stages of the tower are plainly finished except for slender Ionic columns flanking the louvers of the upper stage. The interior, originally a single story with balcony, was converted to two stories in 1939–40. Although the interior of the first floor is now used as a meeting space with kitchen, many of the original pews are still in the building, and signs of the presence of more are visible on the pine floors. The second-story halls stage is decorated with a large oil painting, originally made by Lucia Fairchild Fuller for the Womans Building of the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1838 by Charles Eggleston, a local builder, for use as a union church serving multiple Congregationalist groups. It was acquired in 1899 by the local Grange chapter, which was founded in 1894. The building was renovated in 2001. In 2012, there were monthly meetings held there.</p><br>
<p>The Golden Rod Grange No. 114 is a historic Grange hall on New Hampshire Route 32 in Swanzey, New Hampshire, United States. Built in 1916, it continues to occupy a significant place in the community as a meeting and function space. The little-altered building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It is now owned by the town and maintained by the Swanzey Preservation Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Golden Rod Grange stands in the village center of Swanzey, on the west side of New Hampshire Route 32, opposite the church and town hall. It is a two-story rectangular wooden structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It is about 60 x in size, presenting the long facade to the street. That facade has five symmetrically placed windows on the second floor, and an irregular arrangement of windows on the ground floor, with the main entrance at the center and a secondary entrance at the right end. The interior is divided into a meeting and dining hall with kitchen on the ground floor, and auditorium with antechamber on the upper level. In the auditorium, the roof&#39;s Warren trusses are exposed. Most of the original wall finishes are plaster and pine, although these have been covered in some areas.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1915-16 to serve the local Grange chapter, its layout typifying functions commonly supported by New England Grange chapters. The building&#39;s modifications have generally been limited to cosmetic alterations, including the covering over of original finishes, and the addition of a steel fire escape on the north end of the building. The stage curtain in the auditorium is painted to depict a local pond. The building is now maintained by the Swanzey Preservation Society.</p><br>
<p>The Historic St. Marys Mission is a mission established by the Society of Jesus of the Catholic Church, located now on Fourth Street in modern-day Stevensville, Montana. Founded in 1841 and designed as an ongoing village for Catholic Salish Indians, St. Marys was the first permanent settlement made by non-indigenous peoples in what became the state of Montana. The mission structure was rebuilt in 1866. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Searching for the Black Robes</h2><br>
<p>The Salish came to know about the Jesuits from Catholic Iroquois fur trappers who settled among them either in 1811, or sometime after 1816. Especially Ignace (Big Ignace) aroused attention with his stories about the "Black Robes". Indian delegations reached St. Louis in 1831 and 1835, both in vain, asking for a priest to follow them back to the Salish country.</p><br>
<p>Lakotas near Ash Hollow (Nebraska) killed a third group sent to make the same request in 1837, including Ignace. He promised to fulfill the request within a year.</p><br>
<p>On September 24 the next year, Father De Smet returned to the Salish. Accompanying him to the Bitterroot Valley were Fathers Gregory Mengarini and Nicholas Point, as well as Brothers Joseph Specht, William Claessens, and Charles Huett.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Brother Claessens was a carpenter and led the building of the church. As construction began under the supervision of Pierre-Jean De Smet, he described St. Mary&#39;s and the Salish workforce as follows:</p><br>
<p>The women hewed down the timber, assisted by their husbands, with the greatest alacrity and expedition, and in a few weeks we had constructed a log church, capable of holding 900 persons. To ornament the interior, the women placed mats of a species long grass, which were hung on the roof and sides of the church, and spread over the floor,-- it was then adorned with festoons formed of branches of cedar and pine.</p><br>
<p>Nicolas Point&#39;s plan included houses with lawns. They were built in harmony with that plan although it made the village open to attacks. A palisade shielded the church. The first communion was at Easter 1842. At this time, Chief Victor held the position as principal representative for the Bitterroot Salish.</p><br>
<p>Father Anthony Ravalli joined the mission in 1845. He inoculated the Indians against smallpox and ran the dispensary.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, the fields yielded 7,000 bushels of wheat and a considerable quantum of garden crops. However, by this time many Salish Indians had turned their backs to the mission and slowly, took up their former lifestyle. They felt betrayed by the establishment of a mission at Colville for the Blackfeet, who were their enemies.</p><br>
<h2>Closure and destruction</h2><br>
<p>Raids by those Blackfeet Indians closed the mission in 1850. The abandoned church was burned to the ground, following the usual practice in such raids. The Jesuits then sold the village to Trader John Owen for 250 dollars, even though it had been built on Salish land.</p><br>
<h2>Reestablishment and changes</h2><br>
<p>After sixteen years, St. Mary&#39;s mission started afresh in 1866. It was relocated a mile south of the first colony. The Catholic Salish attended sermons in the new church and later, settlers in the area would come as well. The church was enlarged in 1879.</p><br>
<p>In October 1891, Chief Charlo and the Bitterroot Salish were forced to move to the Jocko Reservation. That was the end of St. Marys as an Indian mission. In 1921, the church became St. Marys Parish. In 1953, work began on a new chapel, and with its dedication in 1954, the historic St. Marys chapel was retired. It underwent restorations in the 1970s and 80s, and the Jesuits kitchen was reconstructed. In 1996, a visitor center and museum were added. The St. Mary&#39;s Mission Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The mission complex is open for tours from April through October. The buildings include the chapel with an attached residence, the infirmary, a dovecote, a cabin with Salish artifacts, and a visitor&#39;s center that contains a museum, a research library, an art gallery, and a gift shop.</p><br>
<p>Claquato Church is a historic Methodist church located off Washington State Route 6 in Claquato, Washington. It is the oldest standing church building in the state of Washington and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The founder of Claquato, Lewis Davis, first began Presbyterian services in his log cabin home after he built the dwelling in 1853. Davis, along with his wife, Susan, donated land When the county seat moved from Claquato to Chehalis in 1874, the church began to lose its congregants though services continued into the 1930s. For a brief time between 1880 and 1882, the church was used again for Presbyterian services. In 1882, the property was deeded to the Claquato community.</p><br>
<p>A small renovation project, for repairs and the need for a new floor, was completed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The 1953 renovation, overseen by a local American Legion chapter, made no changes to the building but did include restoring the original woodwork, repairing the belfry, hanging new mid-19th century style wallpaper, and refinishing the exterior. In 2006, the crown of thorns on the steeple was restored and the Lewis County Historical Society installed a commemorative plaque, a "Meeker marker", in honor of early non-Native pioneer, Ezra Meeker.</p><br>
<p>The Claquato Church has been owned by the Lewis County Parks commission since 1952 for use as a public facility however faith services are no longer held.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was built under the oversight of John Duff Clinger and the design mirrored that of a Methodist church in Portland, Oregon. The first lumber milled by the new sawmill in the town was used in the construction. The building is 600 square feet, measuring 20 x; the sanctuary, which seats 70 people, is listed at 20 x in dimension.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The grounds contain a cemetery which is home to the "Pioneer Fir", a Douglas fir that was used as a waypoint in the early days of pioneer travel. A memorial plaque dedicated in 1937 marks the history of the tree and the first non-Native settlers in the area.</p><br>
<p>Wood planks initially used to build the church are visible in the vestibule and the belfry, as of 2021, contains the original 1857 bronze bell that was manufactured in Boston, Massachusetts by the Henry A. Hopper Company for $100. The pews, donated by residents of Boistfort, and the pulpit, built using wood from the original organ, were hand crafted.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Claquato Church is the oldest standing church building in the state of Washington. Considered the last of the Washington Territory churches to remain, the building was the second Protestant house of worship constructed in the incorporated region. In recognition of the historical importance of Claquato Church, the building and grounds were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the Washington State Register of Historic Places, via the state&#39;s Advisory Council of Historic Preservation, in January 1973.</p><br>
<p>City Park Brewery, also known as the Louis Bergdoll Brewing Company, was a brewery in North Philadelphia, built in 1856. Several brewery buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as a historic district. Louis J. Bergdoll started his brewery business in 1849 at 508 Vine Street, Philadelphia, and briefly operated as Bergdoll and Schemm. From 1856 until Charles Psotta&#39;s death in 1876, the firm was known as Bergdoll and Psotta. In 1856 the firm built new quarters on 28th and 29th Streets near Fairmount Park and the Schuylkill River. In 1881 the firm was incorporated as City Park Brewery. Louis Bergdoff died in 1894, but the firm continued to operate as a brewery until Prohibition in 1920, and then for a single year after the repeal of Prohibition, in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Several of the brewery buildings are now condominiums, including the "Brewery - Main Building" at 825 N. 29th Street (SE corner of 29th and Parrish) and "The Brewery House" on 28th Street between Parrish and Poplar Streets.</p><br>
<p>A couple of blocks north of the historic district, at 929 North 29th Street, the Queen Anne style Louis J. Bergdoll House, built 1885, is listed separately by the NRHP. The Italianate style Bergdoll Mansion, built in 1890 at 2201–2205 Green Street about 10 blocks southeast of the brewery, is also listed separately on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Corriher Grange Hall is a historic Grange Hall located near the Five Points area near Enochville, Rowan County, North Carolina. It was built in 1916, for use as a school. A gable front addition was made in 1938. It is a one-story weatherboarded vernacular frame building. It served as the community school until the end of the 1934–1935, then acquired by the local Grange for use as a meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Rugby Grange, near Fletcher, Henderson County, North Carolina, was built in 1860 in Italianate architecture. The property includes agricultural outbuildings, agricultural fields and secondary structure, a total of 12 contributing buildings and one other contributing site. They include Rugby Lodge II, the "Big House", the Cottage, the Shanty, Uncle Martins and Uncle Billys cabins, the ice house, and several barns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The house was the one-time home of a Swedish diplomat named George Westfeldt. He bought the property before the Civil War and named it in honor of Rugby School, an English public school.</p><br>
<p>The Scioto Grange No. 1234, in Jackson, Ohio, served historically as a meeting hall, as a school, and as a specialty store. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the Scioto Grange No. 1234, a chapter of the Grange, in 1897, the year of founding of the chapter. It was a schoolhouse from 1917 to 1935. Part of the building served as a community store from 1907 to 1937.</p><br>
<p>The Griggs Grange No. 1467 is a historic Grange hall located near the village of Jefferson in rural Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1890s and occupied by a local Grange since its early years, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The buildings construction date is uncertain; its first recorded appearance occurred in the early 1890s. Although once used as a house of worship, The group continues meeting in the hall, with most of its finances arising from fundraisers such as raffles. Nationally, Grange membership dropped by 40% between 1992 and 2007, and Ashtabula Countys membership has paralleled the national trend; the 1907 Interstate Commerce Commission recorded four Grange chapters in the vicinity of Jefferson alone, but just seven existed countywide in late 2009, at which time Griggs&#39; membership had fallen to the teens. Nevertheless, the group remains active; the statewide Grange organization recognized Griggs for its community service in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Built of wood, the Grange hall is covered with an asphalt roof and rests on a stone foundation. It is a simple gable-front structure with three side windows. The roof projects over the gable to form eaves, while the entrance is set in the center of the gable, sheltered by a tiny roof with simple structural brackets.</p><br>
<p>In late 1995, the Griggs Grange was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its place in local history. It is one of five National Register-listed locations in and around Jefferson, and one of nearly forty such sites countywide.</p><br>
<p>The Magnolia Grange is a historic mansion located across from the Chesterfield County Courthouse in Chesterfield, Chesterfield County, Virginia. This brick plantation house was built in 1823, and is a two-story, five-bay, brick dwelling in the Federal style. It is known for its elaborate woodwork and ornamental ceiling medallions.</p><br>
<p>The house was restored in the 1970s with Zuber scenic wallpaper of a hunting landscape that was installed in the front hallway. Magnolia Grange was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The plantation house is operated as a historic house museum by the Chesterfield Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls Grange Hall and Forestville School are two historic buildings that served as a Grange meeting hall and as a school located in Great Falls, Fairfax County, Virginia. The Forestville School was built in 1889 as a one-room school, and expanded in 1911 with the appendage of the Floris School. It is an L-shaped wood-frame structure covered in weatherboards and topped by a standing-seam metal cross-gable roof. After closing as a school in 1922, it served as a residence and then as the Great Falls Post Office from 1959 until 1982. The Great Falls Grange Hall was built in 1929, and is a -story brick building with a gable front. It features a front porch supported by concrete pillars in the American Craftsman style. Both buildings are owned by the Fairfax County Park Authority.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Comins Hall, also known as the East Eddington Public Hall and the Eddington-Clifton Civic Center, is a historic social and civic meeting hall at 1387 Main Road in Eddington, Maine. Built in 1879, it has since then served as the town&#39;s only major social and civic meeting space, hosting town meetings, dances, dinners, Grange meetings, and traveling performers. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The East Eddington Public Hall is located in the village of East Eddington, on the south side of Main Road (Maine State Route 9), about 0.25 mi west of its junction with Maine State Route 46. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. It has restrained Italianate styling, including paired windows under cornices on the front, and a shallow bracketed hood above the main entrance, which is centered on the north-facing main facade. At the south end of the building is a two-story addition, which adds a single bay to the building&#39;s length, and is topped by a hip roof. The interior has a foyer area with ticket booth and stairs winding upward, and a small meeting room to the right. The first floor otherwise houses a large dining room with kitchen area, and the second floor houses an auditorium with stage.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1879 as a community project under the direction of John James Temple, a local carpenter. It was built for the East Eddington Farmers&#39; Club, a local organization at which farmers could meet and discuss agricultural practices that had been established in 1876. The club formed a separate organization, the East Eddington Public Hall Company, to actually own the building and manage its operations. This company operated the building until 1983, when it was taken over by the Eddington-Clifton Civic Center, and renamed Comins Hall in honor of a local family whose members were involved in many local civic affairs.</p><br>
<p>The building was used, since its construction, as a polling place and site for town meetings, serving as the exclusive site of the latter between 1936 and the 1970s. It has hosted all manner of local community groups, including the local Grange chapter, generally at no charge, and has, since the construction of the stage addition in 1911, also hosted traveling theatrical shows and performers.</p><br>
<p>The Eaton School, in Norridgewock, Maine, also known as Somerset Grange #18, is a historic community building at Main Street and Mercer Road in Norridgewock, Maine. Originally built in 1866–67 to house a private academy and the local Masonic lodge, it is notable as an early design of Charles F. Douglas, a Maine native whose career began in Somerset County. The building is a fine local example of Second Empire design, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It has been owned since 1916 by the local chapter of the Grange.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Grange hall is a -story wood-frame structure, set facing northeast on a triangular lot at the junction of Upper Main Street and Mercer Road (United States Route 2). It is three bays wide and four deep, with a bellcast mansard roof. The center bay of the front facade has a double door set in an arch on the first level, a pair of narrow round-arch windows at the second level, and the mansard roof above is broken by a bellcast gable dormer with a false bullseye window. The flanking bays, like those on the side elevations have sash windows. Gable dormers with molded sides pierce the mansard roof on all elevations, although some of the original ones have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The interior has retained its basic organization. The entrance opens to a vestibule, with a staircase going up to the right, and a hallway down the center of the building leads past two smaller classrooms to a larger one at the rear. On the second floor the arrangement is similar, except the large room also has a stage at the west end. The third floor, which was designed for use by the Masonic lodge, has two storage rooms and a large function space with raised platforms on the sides, and ornamental plasterwork in the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The Eaton School was founded in 1865 by Hamilton Fairfield Eaton, and originally shared space in a Greek Revival meeting house and female academy. Rising enrollments prompted Eaton to retain Charles F. Douglas to design this building, which was erected in 1866–67, with funding support from the local Masonic lodge. Although Eaton retired in 1883, the school continued in various guises (and with some interruptions) until 1916, when the building was acquired by the local Grange chapter. The building is an early work of Charles F. Douglas, a native of Brunswick, Maine, whose early career work occurred primarily in Norridgewock and Skowhegan. He later made substantial contributions to the architecture of Lewiston and Auburn before moving to Philadelphia. Douglas&#39; Norridgewock residence is also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Abial Cushman Store  is a historic commercial building at 2766 Lee Road in Lee, Maine. Built in 1840, it is one of the rural community&#39;s few surviving 19th-century commercial buildings, and one of its few examples of Greek Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Abial Cushman Store is located in the rural village center of Lee, just east of Maine State Route 168 on the north side of Lee Road (Maine State Route 6). It is a rectangular wood-frame structure, two stories in height, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a full-width single-story porch across the front. The front corners of the building have pilasters, which rise support an entablature across the front below the eave. The front facade has windows in the second level, and a two-part ground level. The left side of the ground floor houses a storefront with a center entry flanked by large fixed-pane windows, while the right side has a sash window and doorway that provides access to the upper level. A series of telescoping ells project to the rear of the main block.</p><br>
<p>The structure was built in 1840, and is believed to be the town&#39;s oldest surviving commercial building. Located in the town center and near the economically important Lee Academy, it was used as a general store for many years. In 1884 it became the home of the local Grange chapter, a role it served for much of the 20th century. It has since undergone some restoration, and is used as a retail and community space.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places December 18, 1990.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Des Moines. The church is located in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 as St. Peters Church and Rectory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Peters Parish traces its roots to a group of German women who formed an organization in 1884 to raise money for a Catholic church to serve the German community of Council Bluffs. The organization collected 25 cents monthly from each member. At the time they belonged to the predominantly Irish St. Francis Xavier Parish. The German Catholic men organized themselves in 1886 in order to support the establishment of their own parish. Bishop Henry Cosgrove of the Diocese of Davenport, and the Rev. B.P. McMenony from St. Francis Xavier both approved of the plan. The parish was formed on April 25, 1887. It was served by Benedictine monks from St. Benedicts Abbey in Atchison, Kansas, as there was a shortage of German-speaking priests at that time in the Davenport diocese.</p><br>
<p>Rock Island, Illinois architect Mathias Schnell designed the church, and Wickham Brothers of Council Bluffs was responsible for its construction. It was completed in 1887 for $11,126. The following year the men of the parish built a frame schoolhouse for the parochial school. By the end of 1888, a frame convent was built for the Benedictine Sisters who taught in the school. Both of these buildings were replaced in 1924 with a brick, combination school building and convent. The brick rectory next to the church was completed for the Benedictine priests in 1895. Wickham Brothers was also responsible for building the rectory.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters became a parish in the Diocese of Des Moines when it was formed in 1911. St. Peters along with St. Marys in Des Moines (no longer extant) were the only two ethnic parishes, meaning non-territorial, in the diocese. They both served German congregations. St. Peters status as an ethnic parish ended in 1974 when Bishop Maurice Dingman merged it with St. Francis Xavier Parish. The St. Francis church building was taken down while the St. Peter&#39;s building was maintained for the merged parish. The clergy from the Des Moines diocese took over from the Benedictines in 1975. The church and rectory were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church building is a late 19th-century Gothic Revival structure. It features a symmetrical facade on the gable end and a 100 ft central bell tower capped with a spire. The side elevations are six bays long and are divided by alternating buttresses and pilasters. Lancet windows are located in the center of each bay. The apsidal end of the church features three lancet windows located high in the walls. Brick corbeling is located at the cornice level. The only alteration to the exterior was the addition of a handicap entrance. The interior is divided in three naves, separated by columns. In 2001 the interior of the church was renovated and the statues and frescoes were embellished. A new parish hall was completed in 1999 and the office addition was completed in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The rectory is a 2½-story, brick residential building. It features a full-size porch on the front, segmental arched windows, a lunette window and a corbelled brick frieze. Between the church and the rectory is an Our Lady of Grace shrine constructed by the Rev. J.J. Hannan, S.J. around 1958.</p><br>
<p>St. James Episcopal Church is a parish of the Diocese of Iowa located in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was begun on May 27, 1855, and it was incorporated in August 1857. A lot was bought for a church on South Market Street, the location of the Oskaloosa Public Library, but it was exchanged for the corner lot at First Ave East and South Third Street. A Gothic Revival style church and a rectory were built on the property in 1869 for $12,000. It was a frame structure that measured 28 by, and it was consecrated on November 20, 1870.</p><br>
<p>The church building was moved to the back of the property in 1896 in preparation for the construction of the present church in 1900. Frank E. Wetherell, a parishioner, designed the Late Gothic Revival style building. It was built of brick with a bell tower by Henry Wetherell for $20,000. The congregation worshiped without an organ until 1920 when $2,500 was raised to purchase one.</p><br>
<p>The 45 ft tower holds 10 bells that were given by Alice Williams Bennett in memory of her parents Micajah and Virginia Williams. The tower was severely damaged by lightning in 1927 and had to be rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The churchs interior features an oak carved altar, lectern, pulpit, rood screen, and altar rail. Stained glass windows line the east and west walls. The original frame church was renovated in the 1950s for classrooms, office space, and a childrens chapel. In 1985 a pipe organ, which had been built for a church in Bloomer, Wisconsin in 1930, was purchased a rebuilt in the church. It contains 1,126 pipes. A new oak altar was built in 1993 so the priest can face the congregation during the service. It was consecrated on March 29, 1994. The original church was remodeled again in 2001 to create a new fellowship hall. While it was air-conditioned at the time the rest of the church building was air-conditioned in 2004.</p><br>
<p>St. Marys Catholic Church is a parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in Guttenberg, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Marys Catholic Church Historic District. In addition to the church, the historic district includes the parish rectory, convent, and school building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was established in 1851. The parish&#39;s first church building was a 20 by frame structure built in 1851 on the north side of town. A 30 by brick church was constructed two years later and the original frame church was converted into a school. Plans to replace it began in 1865, but disagreements about where to build it doomed the effort. Eventually, it was decided to relocate the parish property and a new stone church was completed in 1874.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Joseph Brinkman became the pastor in 1889. He had been instrumental in the construction of the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa. Brinkman designed a new school (1894), rectory (1899), and the present church (1904). Parishioners had determined that the school building was too small. The 50 by Colonial Revival structure was completed for $8,000, and the old school building was converted into a convent. Soon after the roof of the frame rectory started to deteriorate and it had other problems. A building committee of parishioners decided not to waste money on the old house. The new 42 by residence was completed for $3,500. It is a two-story, brick Colonial Revival structure with Italianate influences. The old rectory was moved to a different lot in town.</p><br>
<p>Complaints about lack of space in church went back as far as 1892. Brinkman suggested adding a side wing onto the 1874 structure, but the parishioners decided a new church was feasible. Groundbreaking took place in 1902 and the church was completed in 1904. The lack of architect fees was a huge savings to the parish in their desire to expand their parish plant. In 1921 a wing was added to the south side of the school building to house, not only increased enrollment, but an expansion to ten grades. Brinkman had planned to build a new convent to replace the aging former school building the Franciscan Sisters continued to occupy, but he died unexpectedly on October 11, 1925. His successor, the Rev. Joseph A. Dupont, set to work immediately to provide an adequate home for the Sisters. This time a trained architect, Carimir Ignatius Krajewski from Dubuque, was chosen to design the new $13,545 Tudor Revival residence that was completed in 1926. The old convent was torn down.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 a new school building, used in addition to the old school building, was built on the site of the old convent. The high school department was discontinued in 1968, and the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration ended their 98 years of service to the parish that same year. The grade school was consolidated with Immaculate Conception School in North Buena Vista, also in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is a Gothic Revival, cross-shaped structure that features twin spires, which flank a tripartite entrance portal. It was originally designed to be built of sandstone. After the stone foundation was completed it was decided to build the structure with bricks that were manufactured in St. Louis, Missouri. The church&#39;s dimensions are: 152 ft long, 62 ft wide, and 74 ft at the transept. The church can seat 800 people. The bell towers are 146 ft high and rise well above any other structure in town.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>The church hosts the St. Marys Catholic School. The school opened in 1853, and it received a two story facility in 1860. In 1894 the current building was constructed at a cost of $5000. Initially a grade school, it received a high school section which had its building constructed in 1921 and in 1925 received accreditation. In 1968, Immaculate Conception School in North Buena Vista merged into St. Marys and the high school closed.</p><br>
<p>Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church is a parish church in the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in the unincorporated community of Petersburg, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first church building for Saints Peter and Paul parish was constructed of limestone in 1868. The present church was completed in 1906. It was constructed in cut-stone, quarried in Stone City, Iowa, in the Late Gothic Revival style. It was designed by Dubuque architect Martin Heer. The church was commissioned during the pastorate of the Rev. William B. Sassen in 1903. The foundation was laid by M.J. Mersch, and Dubuque contractor F.D. Schnak was responsible for the superstructure. The altars and the confessionals were created by the Hackner Altar Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin. The interior frescos were the work of Joseph Walters of Dubuque. The stained glass windows were designed and manufactured under the direction of Victor von der Frost in Munster, Germany. The church was completed for $85,000. The pipe organ in the rear gallery was built by the Tellers Organ Company of Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1939. In addition to the church, the rectory (1917) and an Art Deco school building are located on the parish grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is, by far, the dominant structure in the village of Petersburg. The cross-shaped structure is 150 by, and 74 ft wide at the transept. The tall central tower and spire on the main facade rises 145 ft. It is flanked by two 120 ft towers on the corners of the facade. The side elevations are six bays long, including the corner tower and the transept. Each bay features a large lancet window below a grouping of three small lancet windows in a wall dormer above. Rose windows replace the window groups in the wall dormers on the transept. In the rear of the structure is a polygonal apse surrounded by a rectangular sacristy.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>Prior to 1987 Saints Peter and Paul School served as the parish school.</p><br>
<p>Archbishop Hennessy Catholic School formed in 1987 as part of a consolidation, The school had a relationship with Beckman Catholic High School in Dyersville. In 2013 the school consolidated all grades into its Petersburg location. Its enrollment at that time was 60. Enrollments consistently decreased prior to 2017: by 2017 the school only had 45 students. Archbishop Hennessy closed in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The remaining Catholic grade school in the "Spires of Faith" Catholic church network is St. Francis Xavier Catholic School in Dyersville.</p><br>
<p>St. Boniface Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Des Moines. The church is located in Westphalia, Iowa, United States, and the parish plant is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Saint Boniface Catholic Church District. At the time of its nomination the district consisted of 16 resources, including six contributing buildings, one contributing structure, two contributing sites, one contributing object, six noncontributing buildings, and one noncontributing object.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Westphalia was settled by German Catholics in the 1870s. The community&#39;s founder, Herman Schwarte, envisioned a peaceful village where Germans could work the land, be self-sufficient and help one another. The community would be centered on their own church. The Emil Flusche home was the location of the first Catholic Mass. He was the land agent for the railroad who encouraged German Catholics to settle here and helped establish a Catholic church in this community. Bishop John Hennessy of the Diocese of Dubuque bought the property and established the parish in 1873. The cemetery was laid out the following year. In 1881 St Boniface became a parish in the Diocese of Davenport when it was established. Father Weber was the pastor when the church was built. Bishop John McMullen of Davenport dedicated it in 1882. The rectory (1888) and the carriage house/ barn were built during the pastorate of Msgr. Brommenschenkel. St. Boniface became a parish of the Diocese of Des Moines when it was established in 1911. It was incorporated the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Hubert Duren became the pastor in 1926 after a period of decline for the town. He was born and grew up in Cazenovia, Wisconsin, the son of German immigrant parents. Durens ordination in his native Diocese of La Crosse was blocked by the German clergy there, in part, because he led a group of students who opposed German language instruction at Saint Francis de Sales Seminary in Milwaukee. He was ordained for the Diocese of Des Moines instead. Duren is credited with the communitys rebirth through his Complete Life Program and the Westphalia Consumers Cooperative Association. The intent of the Complete Life Program was to integrate religion, education, recreation, commerce, and credit in the communal life of the town. The cooperative was established after the Great Depression affected an already poor farm economy as a way to overcome individualism in rural life and to help the locals make a just living. It was inspired by the Papal encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (1931) of Pope Pius XI, and based on a similar cooperative in Rochdale, England. Duren also established the Villa Nova homes program which pooled the labor of local residents to build the houses and allowed the people to own their own homes. He also established a parish credit union, cooperative store, and a gas station. It was during his 36-year pastorate that the parochial school (1927), ball diamond (c. 1927), Shrine of Our Lady of Grace (1930), corn crib (First Fruits; 1933), and the clubhouse (1934) were built.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Boniface Church was designed by Dubuque architect Fridolin Heer in the Romanesque Revival style. The workers baked their own bricks on site to build the church. It follows a rectangular plan and features a central bell tower capped with a spire, and three entry doors across the main facade. At one time the interior was richly decorated with a reredos behind the altar, statues, and stenciling. Except for a few statues, it was all removed in a renovation in 1971. The church and the rectory were covered with stucco in 1919. The rectory is a two-story brick residence capped with a truncated hipped roof. It was designed by the Omaha architectural firm of Creeglon and Berlinghof. The school building is a 2½-story brick structure designed by Lahr and Stangel of Omaha. It features a monumental stone veneered central entry. The cemetery is notable for a significant number of cast iron and hand-wrought iron crosses for grave markers. There is also a frame, Romanesque Revival, Chapel of St. Joseph located near the cemetery gate.</p><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s Catholic Church, Cedar, also known as Cedar Catholic Church, is a historic building located west of Churdan, Iowa, United States. It is a former parish church of the Diocese of Sioux City. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. It has been reduced in status to an oratory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cedar Creek area of Greene County, Iowa, was settled by Irish Catholics in the 1850s. Father Marsh from Fort Dodge said the first Mass in June 1863 in the home of Myles Fitzpatrick. Other missionary priests who served the area included Fathers Delaney, Concannon, Barry, McGrath, Mulvehill, O&#39;Farrell, and Quirk. Fitzpatrick donated five acres of land for a church in 1872, and the lumber to build the building. It was the first Catholic church in Greene County. The parish was founded in the Diocese of Dubuque and became a parish of the Diocese of Sioux City when it was established in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The present church was built in 1915. It was designed by prominent Sioux City architect William LeBarthe Steele and built by C. F. Mayer of Humboldt at a cost of $24,000.00. The church was dedicated by Bishop Philip J. Garrigan of Sioux City, on November 7, 1915. Four years later on Sunday, June 15, 1919, the building caught fire and was reduced to a brick shell because there was nothing to battle the blaze. Because they had little money, the congregation was urged to merge with St. Columbkill&#39;s in Churdan. But they were determined to rebuild, and in the years following, the church was rebuilt using the old foundation and walls.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression was a difficult time for the parish. It owed the American Savings Bank in Carroll $2,383.99. The church property was put into receivership on September 6, 1934. Dennis Hayes bought the property in a public sale, the note was paid on July 6, 1936, and the property was returned to the parish.</p><br>
<p>The church building started to deteriorate in the 1970s–80s and it was extensively renovated. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. St. Patricks was part of the first parish cluster in the Sioux City diocese in 1988 when it was clustered with St. Columbkilles, St. Johns Paton, and St. Bridgets Grand Junction. In 1995 the cluster was changed to include St. Patricks and St. Columbkilles as before and St. Paul&#39;s Scranton. In August 1996 the parish was reduced in status to an oratory.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Romanesque Revival style church building measures 70 by and was constructed of matt-faced, vitrified brick and stone. The main facade is dominated by the tall, off-set corner tower. It originally had a bell in it, but the bell was destroyed in the 1919 fire and never replaced. The tower contains the main entry into the church. The building exhibits a couple of elements from the Gothic Revival style, a steeply pitched roof and the rose window on the main facade. The side elevations are six bays in length. All of the windows have round-arched openings that are filled with stained glass. The gallery in the back of the church has a small pump organ. The interior dates from the 1920s when the church was rebuilt after the fire. The church building never had running water, so two outhouses, one of brick and one of tile and stucco, were built on the property. They are contributing buildings in the churchs historic designation. A wrought-iron gate located above concrete steps near the main entrance that is labeled ST. PATRICKS is a contributing structure. The church building&#39;s significance is attributed to its association with William Steele, and it is considered one of the best examples of Romanesque Revival style in Greene County.</p><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s Catholic Church is a parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in northwest Jackson County, Iowa, United States in an unincorporated community in Butler Township called Garryowen. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area known as Garryowen was settled by Irish immigrants from County Limerick and County Cork in 1838-1839. The parish was founded by the Rev. Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli, OP in 1840. At that time there were about 100 Catholics in the area. Three years later there were 600 Catholics, and the parish supported a school. The first church building was a log structure, which was built by parishioners. Bishop Mathias Loras contributed $600 from the Society for the Propagation of the Faith towards its construction.</p><br>
<p>Six other parishes were created from St. Patricks. St. Mathias in Cascade, which at one time had been divided into the two parishes of St. Martins and St. Marys; St. Josephs in Bellevue; St. Peters in Temple Hill; Assumption in Sylvia Switch; St. Aloysius in South Garryowen, and Sacred Heart in Fillmore. St. Patricks is the second oldest parish and it has the oldest church building in the Dubuque Archdiocese, and it is the oldest Catholic rural parish in Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The present church was built in 1854, minus the tower. It was completed about 1875. Master builder J. Boland is credited with designing the church. The person who designed the tower is unknown, but it is similar in design to Dubuque architect Fridolin Heer&#39;s at St. Lawrence Church in Otter Creek. The stone for the church was quarried 3 mi south of the church, and the lime for the mortar was kilned nearby. The rectangular structure measures 103 by with a 118 ft projecting tower on the main facade. The tower is capped by an octagon-shaped belfry, also of stone, and a spire. The structure is six bays long, and there is a Gothic arched window in each bay. The main facade provides a symmetrical arraignment of three bays with an entrance portal in each bay.</p><br>
<p>Gay Street is a street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, that traverses the heart of the citys downtown area. Since its development in the 1790s, Gay Street has served as the citys principal financial and commercial thoroughfare, and has played a primary role in the citys historical and cultural development. The street contains Knoxvilles largest office buildings and oldest commercial structures. Several buildings on Gay Street have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Part of Charles McClung&#39;s original 1791 plat of Knoxville, Gay Street was a focal point for the early political activity of both the city as well as the State of Tennessee. On the eve of the Civil War, Gay Street was the site of simultaneous Union and Confederate recruiting rallies. After the war, Gay Street saw extensive commercial development as railroad construction brought an industrial boom to Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>Gay Street and events that took place on Gay Street have been mentioned in the works of James Agee, Cormac McCarthy, Mark Twain, and George Washington Harris. Cultural institutions established along Gay Street include the Lawson McGhee Library (1886), the Bijou Theatre (1909), the Riviera Theatre (1920), the Tennessee Theatre (1928), and the East Tennessee History Center (2004). The Knoxville Journal, Knoxville Whig, and Knoxville Register were all once headquartered on Gay Street, and radio stations WNOX and WROL both broadcast from Gay Street at various times during the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Route and landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Gay Street runs for about a mile-and-a-half from its northern terminus at Emory Place to its southern terminus at its intersection with Sevier Avenue and Blount Avenue on the south side of the Tennessee River. The road is divided into North Gay and South Gay by the tracks of the Southern Railway, with South Gay being the older and more densely developed half.</p><br>
<p>From north to south:</p><br>
<p>500 block, North Gay, from Emory Place to West Fifth Avenue&mdash; this section of Gay Street traverses the Emory Place Historic District, and intersects Emory Place a block east of Broadway, opposite Old Gray Cemetery. First Christian Church and St. John&#39;s Lutheran Church lie adjacent to this section of Gay, although they have Fifth Avenue and Broadway addresses, respectively.</p><br>
<p>400 block, North Gay, from West Fifth to West Magnolia.</p><br>
<p>From West Magnolia to East Magnolia, North Gay passes under Interstate 40. The area under the interstate is used for parking space.</p><br>
<p>300 block, North Gay, from East Magnolia to West Depot Avenue. This section of Gay Street is part of a merged stretch of USA Route 70, USA Route 11, and State Route 1, which joins Gay Street from the east via Magnolia and diverges from Gay to the west via Depot. Regas Restaurant dominates the eastern half of this block.</p><br>
<p>The Gay Street Viaduct, which crosses the Southern Railway tracks. The tracks comprise a large railyard that occupies a natural declivity about 15 ft below street level. From the viaduct, there is a sweeping view of the Old City to the east and the Jackson Avenue warehouses to the south. The Southern Railroad Terminal lies along the tracks, immediately east of the viaduct.</p><br>
<p>100 block, South Gay, from Jackson Avenue to Vine Avenue. This section of Gay Street is part of the Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District. Notable buildings include the 10-story Sterchi Lofts building, the Emporium, and the Commerce Building.</p><br>
<p>125 block, South Gay, Hollywood Studios Photos.</p><br>
<p>200 block, South Gay, from Vine Avenue to Summit Hill Drive.</p><br>
<p>300 block, South Gay, from Summit Hill Drive to Wall Avenue; this is the northernmost block of the Gay Street Commercial Historic District, which stretches along South Gay from Summit Hill to Church Avenue. Notable buildings on this block include the five-story Century Building and the Knoxville Visitors Center.</p><br>
<p>400 block, South Gay, from Wall Avenue to Union Avenue. A narrow alley divides the buildings on the western half of this block from the buildings facing Market Square to the west. Notable buildings include the Kress Building, the McNulty Building (Mast General Store), the Sanford, the seven-story Miller&#39;s department store building, the Chamberlain and Albers Company Building (Tailor Lofts), and the Woodruff Building. Many of the buildings on this block were built in the wake of the so-called "Million Dollar Fire," which destroyed almost the entire east side of the 400 block on April 8, 1897.</p><br>
<p>500 block, South Gay, from Union Avenue to Clinch Avenue. The western half of this block adjoins Krutch Park. Notable buildings include the Fidelity Building, the Riviera Theatre, the S & W Cafeteria, the Farragut Hotel building, and The Holston.</p><br>
<p>600 block, South Gay, from Clinch Avenue to Church Avenue. This is the southernmost block in the Gay Street Commercial Historic District. Notable buildings include the Tennessee Theatre, the Mechanics&#39; Bank building, and the Journal Arcade. "The Oarsman," a sculpture created in 1988 by David Phelps, stands at the corner of Church and Gay.</p><br>
<p>700 block, South Gay, from Church Avenue to Cumberland Avenue. The western half of this block is a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>800 block, South Gay, from Cumberland Avenue to Main Street. The First Tennessee Plaza, Knoxvilles tallest building, occupies the entire eastern half of this block. The Bijou Theatre, Knoxvilles oldest commercial structure, occupies the western half.</p><br>
<p>900 block, South Gay, from Main to Hill Avenue. The Riverview Tower and Andrew Johnson Building occupy the eastern half of this block, and the Knox County Courthouse (which faces Main) occupies the western half. The City-County Building dominates the southwest corner of the Gay/Hill intersection. The visitor center for Blount Mansion stands at the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>The Gay Street Bridge, a 1,512 ft steel truss bridge that crosses the Tennessee River. The bridge passes over Neyland Drive (part of Highway 158) and the riverfront before proceeding across the river to South Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>Intersection with Sevier and Blount avenues just across the bridge. Blount Avenue continues westward, connecting Gay with Chapman Highway. Sevier Avenue continues eastward toward the Island Home Park area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>Gay Street was part of the original plat of Knoxville drawn up by surveyor Charles McClung in 1791. The street originally stretched from the river to what is now Church Avenue (Knoxvilles original northern boundary). Within a few years, the boundary had been extended to Clinch Avenue, effectively adding what is now Gay Streets 600 block. The eastern half of this block was originally part of the land set aside by Knoxville founder James White for Blount College, had been applied by 1808.</p><br>
<p>The intersection of Gay and Main was the focal point of late 18th century Knoxville, with the courthouse initially located at its northwest corner and the jail located at its southeast corner. Knoxvilles first store, established in 1792 by brothers Samuel and Nathaniel Cowan, was located on the northeast corner of this intersection, and the citys first major hotel the Lamar House (now part of the Bijou) was built on the southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland in 1817. On January 11, 1796, the first Tennessee state constitutional convention convened at the office of War Department agent Colonel David Henley, which was located at the corner of Gay and Church.</p><br>
<p>This early political and commercial activity on Gay Street helped the street develop into Knoxvilles main thoroughfare, and by 1850, Gay Street was home to three-fourths of Knoxvilles commercial activity. In 1851, the street&#39;s sidewalks were widened to 11 ft. Three years later, Gay Street was macadamized and paved with cobblestones. Upon completion of the railroad in 1855, Gay Street was extended still further northward to what are now the Southern Railway tracks.</p><br>
<h3>The Civil War</h3><br>
<p>In the months leading up to the Civil War, prominent pro-Union and pro-Secession supporters spoke at Gay Street venues such as the Lamar House Hotel, while the Knoxville Whig and Knoxville Register, which were arguably the mouthpieces for East Tennessee Unionism and secessionism, respectively, were both headquartered on Gay Street. In April 1861, Union and Confederate supporters held simultaneous recruiting rallies at opposite ends of Gay Street. Future president Andrew Johnson spoke at the Union rally, and a shootout nearly erupted when several Confederate recruits attempted to interrupt his speech.</p><br>
<p>Union forces under Ambrose Burnside occupied Knoxville in September 1863, and Burnside chose as his headquarters the home of John Hervey Crozier at the corner of Gay and Clinch streets (now the location of the Farragut Hotel). Union general William P. Sanders, who was wounded in a skirmish with Confederate troops on Kingston Pike in November 1863, died at the Lamar House Hotel, which had been converted into a hospital.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial development</h3><br>
<p>After the Civil War, several major banks were established during Knoxvilles post-Civil War commercial boom, including Mechanics National Bank (1882) and Holston National Bank (1890), both of which would eventually build headquarters that still stand on Gay Street. After the Great Depression, Hamilton National Bank (operating out of the Holston building) grew to become the dominant bank in East Tennessee. In the 1970s, this bank was seized by United American Bank president Jake Butcher, who built the Plaza and Riverview towers before being indicted for bank fraud in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1830s, James Cowan (a nephew of Samuel and Nathaniel Cowan) and his brother-in-law, Perez Dickinson, opened a large general store at the corner of Gay and Main. During the 1850s, Cowan and Dickinson merged their interests with the McClung brothers (children of surveyor Charles McClung) to form the wholesaling giant, Cowan, McClung and Company. In the years following the Civil War, this company was the most profitable in Tennessee, and anchored Knoxvilles powerful wholesaling sector. The companys four-story headquarters, erected on Gay Street&#39;s 500 block in 1871, was the cornerstone of what is now known as the Gay Street Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Sterchi Brothers, founded in 1888, grew to become the worlds largest furniture store chain by 1930, and built its 10-story headquarters at 114 South Gay in 1925. W. W. Woodruff and Company, founded in 1865, maintained a presence on Gay Street into the late 20th century. Gay Street was home to many of Knoxvilles major department stores throughout the first half of the 20th century, most notably Millers and S. H. Georges.</p><br>
<h3>Cultural development</h3><br>
<p>Throughout most of the 19th century, the Lamar House Hotel on Gay Street was the premier gathering place for Knoxvilles upper class. During the 1870s and 1880s, the hotels masquerade balls served oysters, imported wines, and cigars, and drew the likes of artist Lloyd Branson (whose studio was also located on Gay Street) and author Frances Hodgson Burnett. By the 1930s, the Farragut Hotel (1919) and the Andrew Johnson Hotel (1929) had become Knoxvilles premier hotels. Country music singer Hank Williams spent the last night of his life at the latter on New Years Eve, 1952.</p><br>
<p>Knoxvilles first major performance venue, Staubs Theatre, was built on Gay Streets 800 block in 1872, and in its early years showcased acts ranging from Paysons English Opera Troupe to vaudeville acts and wrestling matches. The Bijou Theatre, constructed as an addition to the Lamar House Hotel in 1909, would witness performances by the likes of the Marx Brothers, Dizzy Gillespie, and the Ballets Russes. In 1928, the Tennessee Theatre eclipsed the Bijou as Knoxvilles major performance venue, and served as the citys first-run movie house until the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Knoxvilles two oldest radio stations, WNOX and WROL, broadcast from Gay Street during the 1920s and 1930s. WNOX featured Lowell Blanchards Mid-Day Merry-Go-Round, initially broadcast from the Andrew Johnson Hotel, which helped launch the careers of performers such as Roy Acuff and Archie Campbell, and remained a popular noon-time radio show until the 1950s. WROL, which broadcast from the Central House Hotel (next to the Farragut), the Mechanics&#39; Bank building, and later from a North Gay location, was best known in this period for its host, eccentric local businessman Cas Walker.</p><br>
<h3>Structural improvements</h3><br>
<p>Knoxvilles first permanent bridge over the Tennessee River was constructed at the south end of Gay Street in 1867, but stood for just a short time. In 1880, G. W. Saulpaw built what became known as the "Saulpaw bridge" at the site, which stood until it was replaced by the current Gay Street Bridge in 1898. At the streets north end, an iron bridge was built across the Southern Railway tracks in 1876, easing pedestrian access between the north and south sides of the tracks. The first Gay Street Viaduct across the tracks was built in 1919, and the current viaduct was built in 2005.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, the Knoxville Streetcar Company built the city&#39;s first trolley line along Gay Street. The trolleys, initially pulled by horses, were electrified by William Gibbs McAdoo in 1890. The Gay Street Bridge originally contained trolley tracks, which helped spark the development of South Knoxville, especially the Island Home Park and Vestal areas. Trolleys were a common site on Gay Street until the trolley lines were eliminated and the tracks were paved over in 1947.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and revitalization</h3><br>
<p>The development of suburbs on the periphery of Knoxville in the 1950s led to the rise of suburban shopping centers, and Gay Street, which had long struggled with traffic congestion and lack of parking, began to decline as a major retail corridor. In 1955, Richs (which had purchased S. H. Georges) moved to a new location, and Millers abandoned plans to build a new store on Gay Streets 800 block. In an attempt to revitalize the downtown area, several Knoxville businessmen formed the Downtown Knoxville Association in 1956. Following the DKA&#39;s suggestions, more parking space was created for Gay Street businesses and storefronts were renovated, but efforts to revitalize Gay Street as a major commercial corridor were largely unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s and 1980s, Gay Street transitioned from a retail corridor to an office market, symbolized by the erection of the Plaza and Riverview towers, and the renovation of the Andrew Johnson Hotel as an office building. During the same period, successful efforts to save the Bijou laid the foundation for the preservation group Knox Heritage, and more focus was placed on the preservation of Gay Street&#39;s historical integrity. More recently, a number of Gay Street high-rises, including the Holston, Sterchi Lofts, and the upper levels of the Burwell, have been successfully renovated as downtown condominium space.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the American Planning Association named Gay Street one of its top 10 "Great Streets" in America.</p><br>
<h2>Literary references</h2><br>
<p>Humorist George Washington Harris, who lived on Gay Street during the mid-19th century and died at the Atkin Hotel on North Gay, made one of the earliest literary references to a Gay Street institution in his 1867 short story, "Eaves-Dropping a Lodge of Free-Masons." In this story, Harris&#39;s rustic protagonist, Sut Lovingood, claims that a powerful group of Freemasons once met on the second level of the Knox County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In his autobiography, Road Without Turning (1950), African American clergyman and activist James Herman Robinson describes an incident in which he attempted to board a bus on Gay Street, but was shoved away by the driver for not waiting for the white passengers to board first.</p><br>
<p>In the opening chapter of his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, A Death in the Family, author James Agee recounts taking a trip with his father into downtown Knoxville in 1915 to see a movie at Gay Streets Majestic Theater. Agee remembered the theaters "exhilarating smell of stale tobacco, rank sweat, perfume and dirty drawers." He also recalled the "great bright letters" of storefront signs of various Gay Street businesses, and remembered being proud of himself for knowing how to pronounce "Sterchi."</p><br>
<p>Cormac McCarthy references Gay Street numerous times in his 1979 novel, Suttree, which is set in Knoxville in the early 1950s. Several scenes in the book take place at businesses that once existed on the street, including Millers, Regas, the Farragut Hotel, Walgreens, the Huddle, and the hotel section of the Bijou (which he merely called "a real rat trap"). In McCarthys 1965 novel, The Orchard Keeper, one of the main characters witnesses a temperance parade on Gay Street.</p><br>
<p>Mark Twain gave an account of the 1882 Mabry-OConnor shootout (which took place on Gay Streets 600 block) in his book, Life on the Mississippi. More recently, the Bijou Theatre provided the inspiration for the 1974 David Madden novel, Bijou. Author Jack Mauro published a collection of Knoxville-based short stories entitled Gay Street in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Gay Street Commercial Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Gay Street Commercial Historic District, added to the National Register in 1986, originally consisting of 35 buildings constructed circa 1880&mdash;1940 along Gay Street and adjacent side streets. Another listing, the Hope Clock, was moved to West Knoxville in 2004, and was replaced by a new street clock in 2007. One notable non-contributing building is the 1905 Miller&#39;s building, which was not included due to extensive exterior modifications which have since been removed.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal and most of Gay Street&#39;s 100 block were listed on the National Register as contributing properties within the Southern Terminal and Warehouses Historic District. The Andrew Johnson Hotel, the Bijou Theatre (listed as the Lamar House Hotel), and the Knox County Courthouse were all listed individually. Notable contributing properties in the Gay Street Commercial Historic District include:</p><br>
<p>Century Building (312 South Gay), a five-story Victorian Vernacular structure built in 1898. This building is sometimes called the Haynes-Henson Building after its long-time occupant, the Haynes-Henson Shoe Company.</p><br>
<p>McNulty Building (402 South Gay), a four-story Vernacular Commercial structure built in 1898, and named for its original occupant, McNulty Grocery and Dry Goods Company. This building is currently home to a branch of the Mast General Store.</p><br>
<p>Gay Theater (403 South Gay), a two-story Colonial Revival-style building constructed in 1910. This building is currently home to the Lerner Lofts condominiums.</p><br>
<p>Kress Building (417-421 South Gay), a four-story Art Deco-style structure built in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Woodruff Building (424 South Gay), a five-story Classical Revival-style building constructed in 1905 for the hardware firm, W. W. Woodruff and Company. Woodruff&#39;s original building at this site burned in the "Million Dollar Fire" of 1897. In 1904, a dynamite explosion ripped off the facade of the second building. This building is currently home to a restaurant, the Downtown Grill and Brewery.</p><br>
<p>Arnold, Henegar, Doyle and Company Building (428 South Gay), a five-story Victorian Commercial and Romanesque Revival-style building constructed in 1898. Arnold, Henegar, Doyle and Company was a late-19th century boot and shoe wholesaler. This building is currently home to Sapphire, a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Sanford, Chamberlain and Albers Company Building (430 South Gay), a three-story Vernacular Commercial-style building constructed in 1870 and modified circa 1920. The building was initially home to the drug company Sanford, Chamberlain and Albers, and later home to Szabo&#39;s tailor shop. The building is now a mixed-use building which houses one restaurant, Five Bar, and several apartments. It has since been renamed Tailor Lofts.</p><br>
<p>Fidelity Building (500-504 South Gay), a four-story Italianate building constructed in 1871, and renovated by the architectural firm Baumann and Baumann in 1929. This building was initially home to the wholesaling firm, Cowan, McClung and Company.</p><br>
<p>Riviera Theatre (510 South Gay), a two-story Art Deco-style theater constructed in 1920. The building was remodeled in 2007.</p><br>
<p>S & W Cafeteria (516-518 South Gay), a two-story Art Deco-style building constructed in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Athletic House (520 South Gay), a two-story Vernacular Commercial building constructed in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Central House Hotel (522 South Gay), a three-story Italianate building constructed in 1875.</p><br>
<p>Farragut Hotel (526-530 South Gay), a nine-story building with Beaux-Arts elements, constructed in 1919. The Farragut replaced the Imperial Hotel, which burned in 1916. This building is currently a condominium, and its ground floor is occupied by a restaurant, the French Market.</p><br>
<p>The Holston (531 South Gay), a 14-story Neoclassical-style building constructed 1912-1913 for the Holston National Bank. This building is now a condominium.</p><br>
<p>Tennessee Theatre, or the Burwell (602 South Gay), a 12-story Second Renaissance Revival building constructed in 1908. The Tennessee Theatre, which was added to the building 1928, is still used as a performance venue, while the upper floors of the building now house condominiums.</p><br>
<p>Mechanics&#39; Bank and Trust Company Building (612 South Gay), a five-story Beaux-Arts structure originally built in 1907, with two floors added in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Journal Arcade (618-620 South Gay), a two-story Classical Revival-style building constructed in 1924, and designed by architect R. F. Graf. This building was originally the press room of the long-time Knoxville newspaper, The Knoxville Journal. Its current tenants include the Knoxville Mercury.</p><br>
<p>Cal Johnson Building (311-313 State Street), a three-story structure built in 1898 by prominent African-American businessman, Cal Johnson (1844&ndash;1925). Johnson also operated a saloon known as the "Poplar Log" at the corner of Gay and Vine in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Glencoe (615 State Street), a three-story Classical Revival-style building constructed in 1906. The Glencoe is now a condominium.</p><br>
<p>Allen&#39;s Cider Mill was a historic cider mill at 7 Mountain Road in Granby, Connecticut. With a history extending back to 1783, it was at the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 one the few operational cider mills in the state of Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Allens Cider Mill stood at the crossroads village of North Granby, on the south side of Mountain Road just west of its junction with Connecticut Route 189. It was a -story wood-frame structure, set close to the road, with a gable roof and a -story shed addition. Its exterior was finished in vertical board siding. The main facade was three bays wide, with doors in the center and right bays on the ground floor, and square multilight windows in the other bays. The placement of the central door was slightly off-center. The interior contained functional equipment for making cider that dated to the mid-20th century, and vestigial remains of older equipment, including a conveyor mechanism for transporting apples into the mills hopper. The attic space had traces of plasterwork, indicating it was a finished space, which was probably used for aging cider.</p><br>
<p>The property on which the cider mill sat had been used for the making of cider since at least 1783, when Silas Cossitt opened a mill across the street. It operated until about 1857, a period when North Granby was one of Connecticuts major cider brandy producing centers. It is believed that the frame of Silas Cossitts 18th-century house was used in the construction of this building. In the 1860s this building was constructed as an almshouse for the town&#39;s indigent population. It was originally located at the road junction, where the present post office stands, and was moved a short way west and converted into a dance hall in the 1870s. It was moved to its present location a few years later, and housed the local Grange chapter. It was adapted for use as a cider mill in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The mill&#39;s roof and upper floor collapsed and the south wall of the building fell down in August 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Kent–Valentine House is a historic home in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1845 from plans by Isaiah Rogers of Boston. It is a three-story, five-bay, stuccoed brick mansion with a</p><br>
<p>two-story wing at the rear of the west side. It features a two-story, three-bay portico with Roman Ionic columns and balustrade. In 1904, the house was enlarged to its present five bay width and the interior redesigned in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The house is the headquarters of the Historic Garden Week project of the Garden Club of Virginia, which is the nations only statewide house and garden tour that runs for a week each April across the state of Virginia. In its 84th year, the tour is of Virginias most historic houses, as well as a sampling of other notable private residences. It is run from offices at the Kent–Valentine House on Franklin Street in downtown Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Edmund Burke is a bronze, full-length statue of British statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher Edmund Burke by British artist James Havard Thomas. The original statue is in Bristol, England, with a second cast in Washington, D.C. The statue in Washington, D.C., stands in Burke Park, at the intersection of 11th Street, L Street, and Massachusetts Avenue NW, on the southern border of the Shaw neighborhood. The statue was a gift from the Charles Wakefield, 1st Viscount Wakefield, on behalf of the Sulgrave Institution, an organization that wanted to celebrate United Kingdom–United States relations. One way the group did this was by exchanging statues and busts between the two countries.</p><br>
<p>Burke is known as one of the greatest philosophers of his time. After working as a private secretary for William Gerard Hamilton followed by Prime Minister Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Burke was elected to the House of Commons where he would often give powerful speeches during his 30-year tenure. During the leadup to the American Revolutionary War, he often spoke about the hardships Britain was placing on the Thirteen Colonies. He feared if a war took place, Britain would lose. After the United States was formed after the British loss, Burke attempted to mend the relationship via peace treaties and trade.</p><br>
<p>The statue of Burke is 8-feet tall (2.4 m) and stands on a pedestal designed by Horace W. Peaslee. It was formally dedicated in October 1922 at an event attended by prominent citizen, diplomats, and members of the public. The statue is one of 14 American Revolution Statuary in Washington, D.C., that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites the following year. In addition, the statue is a contributing property to the L&#39;Enfant Plan and the Mount Vernon West Historic District, also known as the Shaw Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Biography</h3><br>
<p>Edmund Burke was born around 1729 in Dublin, Ireland, and later received education at Trinity College Dublin. While at school, he began a debate group, the precursor to the College Historical Society. In the 1750s Burke began writing, starting with A Vindication of Natural Society, followed by A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. Although he had some success in writing, Burke began dabbling in politics. He was the private secretary of William Gerard Hamilton, and beginning in 1765, the private secretary to Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, who was Prime Minister at the time.</p><br>
<p>He was elected to the House of Commons later that year, the beginning of a 30-year career in Parliament. He became an active PM who stood up for religious tolerance, finance reform, liberty, and the affairs of the Thirteen Colonies. He adamantly opposed the heavy taxation imposed on the colonies, and often defended them while speaking in Parliament. Although he never went so far as to call for independence of the colonies, he did think starting a war with them would lead to a British defeat.</p><br>
<p>When the American Revolutionary War began, Burke continued his defense of the colonies. Because his political party, the Whigs, was out of power during the war, the Tories and King George III were responsible for the continuation and eventual loss of the colonies. Burke tried to soften the hostility between Great Britain and the newly formed United States of America by encouraging trade and peace between the two countries. He served roles as Paymaster of the Forces and Rector of the University of Glasgow during his later years. He died in 1797. He left a legacy that has inspired many conservatives and has been called "one of the great philosophers of the Enlightenment".</p><br>
<h3>Planning and dedication</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1920s, a group called the Sulgrave Institution, which William Howard Taft said was "an organization to strengthen the bonds between Great Britain and the United States" and was named after Sulgrave Manor had made strengthening the bond between the UK and US. The Sulgrave Institution, on behalf of Charles Wakefield, 1st Viscount Wakefield, the former Lord Mayor of London and member of the organization, gifted the statue of a person who stood up for the US when it was engulfed in war.</p><br>
<p>On April 25, 1922, an Act of Congress approved the statues installation. The architect chosen to design the statues base was Horace W. Peaslee, although this was not installed until June 1923. A temporary base was sculpted by Frederick D. Owen. The original statue was founded by H.H. Martyn & Co. and the stonework was completed by New England Granite Works. The statue was installed in September 1922, but the official unveiling and dedication ceremony did not take place until October 12 of that year. A few weeks before the ceremony took place, it was announced children from the nearby Webster School and Thomson School would participate by singing songs and waving flags.</p><br>
<p>The invocation for the ceremony was given by Reverend George C. F. Bratenahl from the Washington Cathedral. British and American diplomats, including the UK ambassador at the time, Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes, joined others at the event. Prominent attendees included Secretary Charles Evans Hughes and Samuel Gompers. Wakefield and Secretary John W. Weeks each gave speeches praising Burke and the UK-US relations at the event. Weeks accepted the statue on behalf of all Americans. Reverend John I. Barrett from St. Patrick&#39;s Catholic Church gave the benediction.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The statue is one of 14 American Revolution Statuary that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on July 14, 1978. The statuary was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS) on March 3, 1979. Because of its location on government-owned property, the statue is a contributing property to the L&#39;Enfant Plan, listed on the NRHP and DCIHS on April 24, 1997. In addition, the statue is a contributing property to the Mount Vernon West Historic District, also known as the Shaw Historic District, which was added to the DCIHS on July 22, 1999, followed by the NRHP a few months later on September 9, 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The statue is located in Reservation 68, a triangular plot of land named Burke Park. The park is located at the intersection of 11th Street, L Street, and Massachusetts Avenue NW, on the southern border of the Shaw neighborhood. In 2012 several trees were planted in the park. Because the park is owned by the federal government, the statue is maintained by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The full length sculpture of Burke, which measures 8-feet tall (2.4 m), depicts him stepping forward with his right leg. He is waving his right hand, and in his left hand he holds a three-cornered hat at his side. He wears a long jacket, a vest, and breeches. His hair curls up just above his ears and is parted down the middle. The sculpture sits upon a rectangular granite base which measures 6-feet (1.8 m) by 7.7-feet (2.3 m). The bottom of the statue is signed: I. HAVARD THOMAS FECIT MDCCCXCIV CAST Á CIRE PERDVE H.H. MARTYN & Co. Ltd. Cheltenham 1922.</p><br>
<p>The front (east) side of the base is inscribed with:</p><br>
<p>The west side of the base is inscribed with:</p><br>
<p>St. Boniface Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Sioux City. The church is located in a residential area west of downtown Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The parish buildings form a nationally recognized historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as St. Boniface Historic District. At the time of its nomination it contained three resources, all of them contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In December 1885 a meeting was held by German Catholics in Sioux City to form a new parish. It was the second parish in the city. They purchased two lots on the corner of West Fifth and Main Streets for $1,500. The Rev. John A Gerleman was appointed the parish&#39;s first pastor on Christmas Eve 1886. A small frame church was built and the first Mass in the church was celebrated on July 17, 1887. The parish school opened the same year with Franciscan Sisters from Dubuque, Iowa teaching in the school.</p><br>
<p>The parish was started when Sioux City was still in the Diocese of Dubuque. It became a parish in the Sioux City diocese when it was formed in 1902. In 1906 Franciscan Friars from the Sacred Heart Province started serving the parish. That year the Rev. Seraphin Lampe, OFM, became the pastor that year and plans were made for a new church. A new church and rectory were built on West Fifth Street between Omaha and Cook Streets. Brother Leonard Darschield, OFM, designed the new church in the Romanesque Revival style. The new church was dedicated by Bishop Philip Garrigan on September 4, 1911. That same a year a new convent for the sisters was built. It was also designed by Brother Leonard and looked similar to the church and rectory. It was torn down in 1993 to add parking spaces after a fire gutted its interior.</p><br>
<p>The present school building and heating plant were designed by prominent Sioux City architect William LaBarthe Steele, and completed in 1924. The Sisters of the Living Word started staffing the school in 1975. In 1986 the Franciscan Friars left the parish and were replaced by priests from the diocese. The schools from St. Boniface, St. Joseph, and the Cathedral of the Epiphany consolidated in 1987 to form Holy Family School. Subsequently, the three parishes have been clustered as well. Weekend Masses are celebrated in St Boniface Church in English and Spanish.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church building measures 160 by with a 162.5 ft tower over the front Gable. At the time it was built, St. Boniface Church was the tallest structure in Sioux City. The exterior is clad with brick from Buffalo, New York and the trim is in Bedford limestone. The building features a symmetrical facade of three bays, four roof dormers each on the north and south elevations, and a rounded apse on the east elevation. The 66 stained glass windows in the church include round-arch widows and a rose window. They were produced in Munich, Germany in 1910. The interior features a rib vaulted ceiling that rises 54 ft above the floor. The original wood altars were carved by a Franciscan brother. Statues of St. Boniface and St. Patrick are located on the high altar, while statues of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Joseph are on the side altars. A social hall is located in the basement. The attached rectory is a -story front-gable residence that features the same detailing and materials as the church.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick school building was designed to reflect the style of the church. It features a projecting center bay on its north elevation that includes the main entrance. It has a flat roof. The building has been altered over the years. The simple, two-story brick power plant was built at the same time as the school. It is located directly behind the school building and it includes a 98 ft tall concrete smokestack.</p><br>
<p>Corpus Christi Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Sioux City. The church is located in Fort Dodge, Iowa, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Corpus Christi parish can trace its beginnings to a Mass that was held in the home of Michael Collins in 1855. At the time the Fort Dodge area was a part of the Diocese of Dubuque, which covered the state of Iowa. The parish was founded the following year and the Rev. John Vahey was sent as its first pastor. It was the first parish founded in what would become the Diocese of Sioux City. The first piece of property purchased for the parish was in 1857 at a cost of $200. The first church and rectory were built on the property the same year.</p><br>
<p>The stone for the current church was quarried starting 1879 with construction starting the following year. It was designed by Dubuque architect Fridolin Heer, Sr., and local architect A.V. Lambert supervised construction. The church was completed in 1882, and dedicated on January 1, 1883. The Romanesque Revival structure cost $37,892.59 to construct. The convent, rectory and central heating plant were built between the years 1909 and 1932.</p><br>
<p>In July 2000, Corpus Christi became part of a "team ministry" that brought together the five parishes in Webster County. In addition to Corpus Christi the parishes include: Sacred Heart and Holy Rosary in Fort Dodge, St. Matthews in Clare, and St. Josephs in Barnum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main body of the church is a rectangular block that is six bays long and three bays wide. It measures 128 by, and its central bell tower rises to a height of 175 ft. The locally quarried limestone is rusticated on the foundation, and smooth on the window caps and hoods. The locally produced brick forms the exterior of the structure. The gabled ends are stepped, and there is a corbel table at the eaves. The interior features three naves separated by columns, a rear gallery, and a skylight over the apse.</p><br>
<h2>Parochial School</h2><br>
<p>The parish school opened in 1859 during the pastorate of Father Marsh, although classes were being held prior to this time in the church. The first school building was a two-story structure with a cupola. The Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary taught in the school from 1862 to 1865. Lay teacher taught in the school from 1865 to 1873. The Sisters of Mercy were next to teach in Fort Dodge from 1873 to 1902. In 1900 Mother Mary Catherine discovered a fire that completely destroyed the school. "The Academy" of Corpus Christi Parish was opened in 1902. The new school was built for $20,000. The year it opened the Sisters of Charity BVM returned to the school and taught in Fort Dodge for the next 100 years. High school classes ended at Corpus Christi in 1956 when St. Edmond High School opened. The Academy building was torn down in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Richardson L. Wright School was an American school that was located in the Nicetown–Tioga neighborhood in northern Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Lloyd Titus, the last non-architect to serve as the chief draftsman (1901–1905) of the Department of Buildings of the Philadelphia School Board, this school building contained three stories and was designed in the Colonial Revival style with a hipped roof. It was destroyed sometime before 2008 and replaced by ball courts.</p><br>
<p>The Richardson L. Wright School should not be confused with the Richard R. Wright School, which is currently operating in north Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The John C. Bell House is an historic American house that is located at 229 South 22nd Street in the Rittenhouse Square neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architect Horace Trumbauer in the Colonial Revival style, this historic structure was erected in 1906, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for John C. Bell, who served as Attorney General of Pennsylvania. His sons, John C. Bell, Jr., who served as Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Pennsylvania as well as Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, and Bert Bell, co-founder of the Philadelphia Eagles and NFL Commissioner, lived in the house. In 1944, the house was sold by the Bell family and converted into apartments.</p><br>
<p>A top-floor balcony collapsed on January 11, 2014, leaving one person dead and two others seriously injured.</p><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s Catholic Church is a parish church in the Diocese of Des Moines. The church was built in 1868 and is located southwest of the town of Cumming in rural Madison County, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Pope John Paul II visited the church while he was on his first pastoral visit to the United States in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The significance of St. Patrick&#39;s Church is its association with the area that became known as Irish Settlement. This rural farm community was settled in the early 1850s by Irish immigrants. It was established by the Rev. Timothy Mullen, who had been sent by Bishop Mathias Loras of the Dubuque diocese to Fort Des Moines to serve the small Catholic community there. He was also to establish an Irish colony in central Iowa, similar to several that had already begun in Eastern Iowa. The first 40 acres were purchased by Bishop Loras. Many of the early families who settled here came from Wisconsin. By 1860, Irish Settlement covered four townships in two counties. Forty of the families resided in Madison County and by 1870 they had increased to 63 families.</p><br>
<p>There was a rivalry between those who settled on the north side of the North River and those who settled on the south side as to who would get the church. The parish was founded in 1852 with the church on the north side. It was the first parish founded in what would become the Diocese of Des Moines. A log structure served as the first church, which was begun by Mullen but finished by Rev. John Kreckel. Itinerant priests served the parish in its early years. The Rev. Francis McCormick was appointed the first resident pastor in 1857, but he did not stay long. The Rev. John Brazill of St. Ambrose Church in Des Moines had the present frame church built to replace the original log structure in 1868. A monument in the parish cemetery commemorates the old church on the site where it stood. St. Patricks became a parish in the Davenport diocese when it was established in 1881. The parish was divided in 1884 at the North River with the parishioners who lived to the south forming a new parish at Churchville. Other divisions happened soon after that when parishes were begun at St. Marys and in Winterset. The parish was transferred to the Des Moines diocese when it was created in 1911.</p><br>
<h3>Pope John Paul II visits</h3><br>
<p>The idea for a visit by Pope John Paul II to a rural church was initiated by Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, an American who worked at the Vatican. Des Moines Bishop Maurice Dingman brought him to visit St. Patricks when they were planning the trip. The parish had been without a pastor so Dingman named a recently ordained priest, Rev. John Richter, to the position. The papal visit took place on October 4, 1979. Pope John Paul led a prayer service for 200 parishioners and gave a reflection based on the Acts of the Apostles "that spoke of the gathering for the breaking of the bread and prayers." He also urged them to maintain unity with the diocese and the wider Church. After his visit to St. Patricks, the pope celebrated Mass at Living History Farms near Des Moines.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s Church is a frame structure that measures 66 by, and it has a 24 by sacristy attached to the back. It is five bays in length with a round-arch Stained glass window in each bay. A small rose window is located above the altar. A low-pitched gable roof with partially-returned cornices caps the sanctuary. The building has a uniquely tapered bell tower in the front. The bell-chamber has a round-arch louver on each side and it is capped with a hipped roof and a cross. The church is surrounded by 20 acre of property that includes, timber, grassland, cultivated fields, and the parish cemetery where many of the first parishioners were laid to rest.</p><br>
<p>The Independent Order of Odd Fellows Building, at 123-125 North Market in Benton, Arkansas, is a historic building that served as an Independent Order of Odd Fellows meeting hall. E. Y. Stinson built the building in 1913 on land purchased from Saline Odd Fellows Lodge No. 174; the Odd Fellows bought the building back the following year. The Odd Fellows used the second floor of the building as a meeting hall; the ground floor was sold to a hardware store, as Odd Fellows lodges were discouraged from meeting on the ground floor of a building. During its time in the building, the Odd Fellows Lodge included several prominent local businessmen and politicians as members, including a Saline County sheriff. The lodge was also responsible for hosting major Benton social events, such as Fourth of July picnics. The lodge&#39;s membership began to decline during World War II, and it sold the building in 1971.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The American Railway Express Company Garage is a historic parking garage located at 3002-3028 Cecil B. Moore Ave. in the Strawberry Mansion neighborhood of north Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was designed by the firm Harris & Richards and constructed by the Robert E. Lamb Company in 1922 for developer John Presper Eckert, Sr.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Eckert was the owner of the Philadelphia Realty Company, and during the 1920s he consulted with the American Railway Express Company (AREC) to build garages throughout the United States, as well as in Europe and Egypt. AREC&#39;s business was to ship express packages nationally by railway and to pick up and deliver them locally by truck. Thus AREC needed garages located near railway lines. The Philadelphia garage abuts railway tracks now owned by Amtrak and probably served customers in the Brewerytown neighborhood a few blocks to the south.</p><br>
<p>Eckert&#39;s son, John Presper Eckert, Jr. later became famous as the inventor of ENIAC and other early computers.</p><br>
<p>In August 2006, the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Though a sign on the building proclaimed "Now Leasing," in photographs accompanying the 2006 NRHP nomination, and in September 2010 (see photograph above), the roof was removed in 2004.</p><br>
<p>A new plan to restore the building was announced in 2015. The garage was to be turned into 36 apartments with parking, a pre-school and day care, and a fitness facility by Mosaic Development Partners and Cedar Grove Partners, with financing from Philadelphia LISC, historic tax credits and New Market Tax Credits.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Far Rockaway is a historic post office building located at Far Rockaway in Queens County, New York, United States. It was built in 1935, and is one of six post offices in New York State designed by architect Eric Kebbon as a consultant to the Office of the Supervising Architect. It is a two-story brick building with limestone trim and a low granite base in the Colonial Revival style. Its main facade features a centrally placed polygonal shaped frontispiece with a rounded dome inspired by Thomas Jefferson&#39;s Monticello. It also has a grand entrance vestibule. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Flushing Main is a historic post office building located at Flushing in Queens County, New York, United States. It was designed and built between 1932 and 1934 by architect Dwight James Baum and William W. Knowles as consulting architects to the Office of the Supervising Architect. It is a symmetrically massed, two-story steel frame building clad in oversize handmade red brick with marble trim in the Colonial Revival style. Its main facade features an entrance portico consisting of six Ionic columns that support a full pedimented entablature. The interior features a mural executed in 1933-34 by Vincent Aderente.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Forest Hills Station is a historic post office building located at Forest Hills in Queens County, New York, United States. It was built in 1937, and was designed by architect Lorimer Rich as a consultant to the Office of the Supervising Architect. It is a one-story flat roofed building clad with reddish brown terra cotta above a base of granite in the International style. It features exterior terra cotta relief sculptures by artist Sten Jacobsson. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The post office is located on the eastbound frontage road of Queens Boulevard (the former Hoffman Boulevard) on the southwest corner of 70th Avenue across from MacDonald Park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Bell Telephone Company Building is a historic 17 story skyscraper located at 1835 Arch Street in the Logan Square neighborhood on the edge of downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which was used as a long distance telephone exchange by the Bell Telephone Company. Its construction in 1925 marked the beginning of the era of long distance trunk lines in telephone communication. The building was listed by the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Though this is considered the most prestigious building designed by architect Eugene Stopper, he was perhaps uniquely qualified to design this building. His background designing banks is reflected in the customer service areas that dominates the first floor, and his experience designing industrial buildings in reinforced concrete, is reflected the upper floors where the telephone exchanges were housed.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed in the Moderne style of brick with limestone used on the first and fourteenth floors. The three upper floors are set-back in the style of New York skyscrapers of the era. The first floor interior is decorated with marble walls, terrazzo floors, and the company&#39;s iconic Bell trade-mark.</p><br>
<p>The introduction of long distance trunk lines in the early 1920s caused a boom in telephone traffic, requiring many new switchboards and telephone operators. Philadelphia was a key location in this development, being about halfway between New York City and Washington, D.C., and being the departure point for the trunk line to Chicago, which followed the Pennsylvania Railroads Main Line westward. The company constructed a series of new buildings with unimaginative names to house the long distance business, including New Yorks Telephone Building and the St. Louis Telephone Building, which were both built about 1926, and the Ohio Bell Telephone Building in Cleveland and the New Jersey Bell Telephone Building in Newark, both completed before 1930. The New York and New Jersey buildings are also listed on the NRHP, and the Cleveland building is a contributing building to a NRHP Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The trunk lines were placed close to Philadelphias fairly new downtown area, which developed around City Hall rather than the older business area to the east. Once placed, the location of the trunk lines dictated the location of other Bell Telephone buildings which needed easy access to the lines. The companys 1950 stainless steel skyscraper at 16th and Cherry Streets, and the 1991 Bell Atlantic Tower at 18th and Arch Streets both follow this pattern.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the long distance exchanges were moved to a modern facility, the building was renovated as telephone company offices, and air conditioning was installed. About 1990, the building was sold and converted to use as a self-storage facility and sold again in 2001 for use as apartments.</p><br>
<p>Saint Irenaeus Church is a former parish of the Diocese of Davenport. The church was founded in the town of Lyons, which now the north side of Clinton, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th Century</h3><br>
<p>Bishop Mathias Loras of the Diocese of Dubuque said the first Mass in Lyons. The Mass was celebrated in a log home in 1848. The area was visited by various priests, including the Rev. J.A.M. Pelamourges from Davenport, and the Rev. Frederic Cyrille Jean, who was assigned as the first resident pastor. Jean was originally from Baynes, France and came to the United States upon the invitation of Bishop Loras. He came to Lyons from Bellevue and started building a church as soon as he arrived and it was completed in 1852. The building was built of brick and cost $1,500 to construct.</p><br>
<p>The parish grew quickly and a larger church was built in 1856. In 1864 Bishop Clement Smyth laid the cornerstone for the present church. Parishioners helped in building the church without pay.</p><br>
<p>Father Jean returned to his native France before the church was completed. While there he was given ornate golden chandelier modeled after the crown of France. It was a gift from the Bonaparte family to the parish to be used as the sanctuary lamp.</p><br>
<p>The parish school was built at the same time as the church. It cost $4,000 to build and it was staffed by the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary from Dubuque.</p><br>
<p>In 1861 the German members of the parish formed their own parish a few blocks away called St. Boniface. That left St. Irenaeus a predominantly Irish parish. Other parishes were formed to the south in Clinton: St. Marys (1867), St. Patricks (1889), and Sacred Heart (1891).</p><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>In 1906 the church building was completely reversed. Initially, the main entrance of the church faced Fifth Street. North Second Street on the back side of the church became a major thoroughfare through town. To accommodate the change the main entrance of the church was moved to the west side of the church on Second Street and the altar was moved to the east side of the church and the pews were reversed to face the altar. The new entrance also eliminated the long staircases up to the entrances. A gallery was created on the west side of the church. In 1911 all five Clinton parishes joined the Davenport Diocese when Clinton County was transferred to the Diocese of Davenport.</p><br>
<p>A major renovation occurred to the church interior in the 1940s. Simulated stone was applied to the walls to match the exterior of the church, Gothic-style light fixtures were hung, new Stations of the Cross were installed along the side walls and the ceiling was decorated with simulated beams. In the 1960s and 70s, a parish hall, kitchen, meeting rooms and restrooms were built in the basement of the church.</p><br>
<p>The parish school was merged with the school at St. Boniface in the 1970s to form North Catholic School. Eventually, all the Catholic grade schools in Clinton merged to form Prince of Peace School. The parish itself was officially closed in 2006 when the five parishes in Clinton were merged to form Jesus Christ, Prince of Peace Parish.</p><br>
<h3>21st Century</h3><br>
<p>Jesus Christ, Prince of Peace continued to use the old churches until 2008 when a new church was built for the parish on the west side of town. The sanctuary lamp and the older set of the Stations of the Cross were used in the new church. St. Patricks Church was taken down in 2005 and St. Marys followed in 2009. It is being renovated to become a community cultural center that would host public events.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Jackson Heights Station is a historic post office building located at Jackson Heights in Queens County, New York, United States. The original section was built in 1936–1937, and was designed by architect Benjamin C. Flournoy  as a consultant to the Office of the Supervising Architect. The original section is a symmetrically massed one story brick building with a nine bay wide principal facade in the Colonial Revival style. It features a three bay entrance pavilion with four simple brick Doric order pilasters which support a limestone triangular pediment. The building was extended four bays to the east in 1964. The interior features a 1940 mural by Peppino Mangravite depicting scenes from the history of Jackson Heights. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Jamaica Main is a historic post office building located at the northwest corner of 164th Street and 89th Avenue in Jamaica in Queens County, New York, United States. It serves the 11432 ZIP Code. It was built in 1932–1934, and is one of two post offices in New York City designed by the architects Cross & Cross as a consultant to the Office of the Supervising Architect. The building is a two-story brick building on a light gray granite base with marble trim in the Colonial Revival style. It features a handsome marble portico supported by four Ionic order columns.</p><br>
<p>The building in 2007 was renamed in honor of Clarence L. Irving. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Long Island City Post Office is a historic post office building located at Long Island City in Queens County, New York, United States. It was built in 1928, and is one of a number of post offices in New York designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under director James A. Wetmore. The building is a two-story, symmetrically massed brick building with limestone trim in the Colonial Revival style. It features a frontispiece with four semi-engaged limestone Ionic order columns that support a pedimented entablature. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office-Morrisania – originally Station "T" – is a historic post office building located at Morrisania in The Bronx, New York, United States. It was built in 1936, and designed by consulting architect William Dewey Foster for the Office of the Supervising Architect. The building is a two-story, five bay wide brick building with a hipped roof and a one bay recessed wing in the Colonial Revival style. It features an arcade of five recessed brick round arches with limestone keystones.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The US Post Office - Flatbush Station is a historic post office building located at 2273 Church Avenue between Flatbush and Bedford Avenues in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It was built in 1936, and designed by consulting architect Lorimer Rich in the Colonial Revival style, for the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. The building is a symmetrical, two-story, red brick building with a gable roof and a large one-story rear wing.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
